DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
Disusun oleh:
MEHLIYANA ARISKA
15213401
1EA22
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2014
Direct Speech
Saying exactly what
someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). Here
what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should
be word for word.
ü For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on
presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on
presentations", she said.
Indirect Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use
quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word
for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because
when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past
(because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The
verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
ü For example:
He said he was going to the
cinema.
or
"I'm
going to the cinema", he said.
Statements
If we want to say what other people
said, thought or felt, we can use the direct and indirect speech.
·
The direct speech: "I like it," he said.
"Irene is late," he thought. "I
will pass the exam," she hoped.
o The reported speech: He said he liked it. He thought that Irene
was
late. She hoped she would pass the
exam.
The reported speech is typically introduced by verbs such as say, tell, admit, complain, explain, remind, reply, think, hope, offer,
refuse etc. in the past
tense.
Time and place
Let's suppose that we talked to our friend Mary on Friday. And she
said: "Greg
came yesterday." It means that Greg came on Thursday. If
we report Mary's sentence on Sunday, we have to do the following:
Mary: "Greg came yesterday." - Mary said that Greg had come the day before.
If we say: Mary said Greg had come yesterday, it is not correct, because it means that he came on Saturday.
-
The time expressions
change as follows.
Today - that day, tomorrow - the next day/the following day, the day after tomorrow - in two days' time, yesterday - the day before, the day before yesterday - two days before, next week/month - the following week/month, last week/month - the previous week/month,
Today - that day, tomorrow - the next day/the following day, the day after tomorrow - in two days' time, yesterday - the day before, the day before yesterday - two days before, next week/month - the following week/month, last week/month - the previous week/month,
a year ago - a year before/the previous year
Bill: "She will leave
tomorrow." - Bill said she
would leave the
next
day.
Sam: "She arrived last week." - Sam said she had arrived the previous
Sam: "She arrived last week." - Sam said she had arrived the previous
week.
Julie: "He moved a year ago." - Julie said he had moved a year before.
Julie: "He moved a year ago." - Julie said he had moved a year before.
Questions
Questions become statements. The reporting verb say changes into ask, want to know, wonder...
"Where have you been?" he said. - He asked me where I had been.
"What time did it start?" he said. - He wanted to know what time it had
started.
"Why won't he do it?" she said. - She wondered why he wouldn't do it.
"Why won't he do it?" she said. - She wondered why he wouldn't do it.
In yes/no questions we use if or whether in questions. If is more common and whether is more formal.
"Will you come?" she asked me. - She asked me if/whether I would
come.
"Did he marry Sue?" she said. - She wondered if/whether he had
"Did he marry Sue?" she said. - She wondered if/whether he had
married Sue.
REPORTED SPEECH
§ Tense
Changes When Using Reported Speech
Normally, the tense in
reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech:
The changes are shown below:
|
Simple
present
|
 |
Simple
past
|
|
"I always drink coffee", she
said
|
|
She said that she always drank coffee.
|
|
Present
continuous
|
|
Past
continuous
|
|
"I am reading a book", he
explained.
|
|
He explained that he was reading a book
|
|
Simple
past
|
|
Past
perfect
|
|
"Bill arrived on Saturday",
he said.
|
|
He said that Bill had arrived on
Saturday
|
|
Present
perfect
|
|
Past
perfect
|
|
"I have been to Spain", he
told me.
|
|
He told me that he had been to Spain
|
|
Past
perfect
|
|
Past
perfect
|
|
"I had just turned out the
light," he explained.
|
|
He explained that he had just turned
out the light.
|
|
Present
perfect continuous
|
|
Past
perfect continuous
|
|
They complained, "We have
beenwaiting for hours".
|
|
They complained that they had been
waiting for hours.
|
Punctuating
Direct Speech
When using direct speech in
your writing you need to use the correct punctuation.
•
The exact words spoken must be enclosed in speech
marks.
•
The first word of the speech must begin with a capital
letter.
•
The words in the speech marks must be separated from
the rest of the sentence by a comma.
•
You must use a new line when a new speaker begins to
speak.
Using Speech in
Your Writing
Using speech in
fiction and non-fiction writing adds variety.
However,
writing out long pieces of direct speech can make your writing confusing. It
also slows down the action.
Reported speech
can summarise what the speaker has said so that the action moves along more
quickly.
Reported speech
is useful when you want a contrast between what a character says and what he or
she is thinking. (e.g. Lady Macbeth)
Summary
Ø In your writing
use mainly reported speech. Use direct speech only to emphasise the main points
your characters make.
Ø Don’t bore and
confuse your readers by writing out long conversations between your characters.
Ø Direct speech
should be used sparingly.
Ø It is most
effective when only the most forceful statements are put into direct speech.
1.
“Have been
writing letters,’ Heru answered. We can also say…..
a)
Heru answered
that he had been writing letters.
b)
Heru answered
thet he has been writing letters.
c)
Heru answered
that he wrote letters.
d)
Heru answered
that he has writing letters.
e)
Heru answered
he has been writing letters.
2.
Heru: ‘Stevani,
are you going to let me go without you?’ It means:
a)
Heru asked
whether Stevani is going go let him go without her.
b)
Heru asked
Stevani ti let him go without me.
c)
Heru told
Stevani that she was going to let him.
d)
Heru asked
Stevani if she was going to let him go without her.
e)
Heru asked if
she was going to let Stevani go without her.
3.
Heru: Were you sleeping when I called you last
night?
Andi: No, I went to the cinema.
From the dialogue we
know that Heru wanted to know if Indra . . . . . when he called him.
a)
Sleeps
b)
Slept
c)
Was sleeping
d)
Has been
sleeping
e)
Had been
sleeping
4.
Mom: Oh dear! Didn’t I tell you to tidy this room?
Heru: Mom! Couldn’t do it alone. Fery promised to
help me but he
went out.
In the dialogue Heru’s
mother wanted to know whether Heru . . . . . the room.
a)
Was tidying
b)
Would tidy
c)
Had tidied
d)
Will tidy
e)
Tidied
5.
Heru :
Did you know what Firdaus said yesterday?
Riyadi : Of
course. He said . . . . . the previous
day.
a)
He had gone to
his country
b)
He has gone to
his country
c)
He will go to
his country
d)
He went to his
country
e)
He goes to his
country
R E F E R E N C E S
